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Sociology · Chapter 4

Defining the Situation

In 1928 W. I. Thomas and Dorothy Swaine Thomas wrote one of sociology's shortest and strangest laws: if people define situations as real, those situations are real in their consequences. Pick a case below, hold the facts perfectly still, and switch only the definition.

Same facts, two definitions

Tap a case, then tap either branch of the diagram.
The Thomas theoremchoose a situation to test it
Objective facts—
Definition—
Real consequence—
How is it defined?
Six situations
“If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.”

W. I. Thomas and Dorothy Swaine Thomas, The Child in America (1928). She co-wrote the book and the idea; the theorem is usually named for him alone.
Read it carefully. A definition does not bend physics. The rumor never drains the vault — people drain the vault. Beliefs become real by changing what people do, which is why this is a micro-level insight and why it belongs to symbolic interactionism, not to functionalism or conflict theory.