| Measure | Value |
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Simplifications: the extract has a high magnesium level, so ribosomes start at any base without a start codon (as in the original experiments), every reading frame is used equally, and a frame that reaches a stop codon makes nothing that precipitates. Random copolymers are made by polynucleotide phosphorylase in the exact base ratio you set. Poly(G) and G-rich RNAs fold up and are poor templates; this bench shows that as low activity. Radioactivity bars show each amino acid's share of what is built into protein.
| Measure | Value |
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Simplifications: bacterial ribosomes start at an AUG 4 to 12 bases after a Shine-Dalgarno-like sequence (at least 4 of 6 bases matching AGGAGG); eukaryotic ribosomes scan from the 5′ end and start at the first AUG with a purine at −3 or G at +4 (an AUG with neither is skipped); the mitochondrial bench starts at the first AUG and uses the vertebrate mitochondrial code. Each cell has a minimal tRNA set that follows Crick's wobble rules (real cells have more tRNAs and other modified bases). A suppressor tRNA here always wins at the stop codons it can read; in cells, release factors compete, so only some ribosomes read through.
Problems are randomly generated. Probabilities can be typed as a fraction (9/64), a decimal (0.1406) or a percent (14.06%). Copolymer problems assume a high-magnesium cell-free system where every reading frame is used. Wobble problems use Crick's rules (anticodon 5′ base: G reads C or U; U reads A or G; I reads U, C or A; C reads G; A reads U). Anticodons are written 5′ to 3′.
Your job
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