Won’t Hold or Won’t Empty

Every lower-tract complaint is ultimately one of two failures: the bladder will not hold, or the bladder will not empty. Sorting a patient into those buckets is the first thing a urology clinic does, and it points at entirely different causes and treatments. Sort twenty complaints, watch the bladder on the right change shape with your answer, then name which of the four incontinence patterns each patient has — including the one that leaks because it cannot empty.